And so when Kepner addressed a rally of about 200 demonstrators outside a Silver Lake gay bar called the Black Cat, he told the crowd: "We won't say who we are tonight, but look around. . . . We promise that after tonight, the 'love that dared not speak its name' will never be quiet!"
By the late 1960s, Kepner was already a seasoned gay activist. He had joined the Mattachine Society in 1953, when the very concept of organizing for what was then known as the "homophile" cause was radical, even dangerous. Later he edited One, which had to go to the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn an order blocking the magazine's distribution by the U.S. Postal Service.
In 1956, decades before gay studies programs made their way into college curricula, Kepner was teaching a few gay studies classes at One's Downtown offices.
Even after years of such stirrings, however, the climate remained icy. Life magazine, writing in 1964 about the "sad and often sordid world" of homosexuals, alluded to the running battle between Los Angeles police and gays.
"As part of its anti-homosexual drive," the article stated, "the Los Angeles police force has compiled an 'educational' pamphlet . . . entitled 'Some Characteristics of the Homosexual.' The strongly opinionated pamphlet includes the warning that what homosexuals really want is a 'fruit world.' "
Against such a backdrop, most gay men and lesbians lived in a shadow world governed by the tenets still embodied in today's policies on gays in the military: Don't ask. Don't tell. And if you do, you could lose everything.
One of Glaze's customers--a schoolteacher arrested outside of the Patch sometime before the August raid--was so distraught at being exposed that he committed suicide.
Judy Twentyman, a Northridge financial adviser, recalled: "In 1969, I was in the closet. My lover was in the closet. All my friends were in the closet. That was life. . . . It seemed perfectly normal to me. I couldn't imagine living any other way."
So tightly was the closet door shut, that Twentyman says many of her contemporaries remain behind it.
"Homophobia is very deeply ingrained in our era," the 54-year-old said. "It's kind of like going through the Depression or the Holocaust. All those events shape people in a certain way. That's the reality you lived and it's real forever."
When Chuck Murphy, 56, and Al Barney, 66, bought a house together in Manhattan Beach in 1963, an insurance agent said he could not possibly sell a homeowner's policy to two men. For their housewarming party, the couple carefully arranged the bedrooms to make it appear that they slept apart--and explained the house purchase as a business deal entered into solely for tax breaks. If they went to gay bars--usually sign-less and windowless--they carefully scanned the street to see if anyone was watching before ducking inside.
The two heard of the Stonewall riots in New York, but at the time, did not attach much significance to them. If anything, Murphy said, he disapproved of the bottle- and brick-tossing clash with police. "I don't think violence is necessary."
Now he feels comfortable enough to display gay pride symbols in his car windows.
Stonewall was not even a blip on Bonnie Wilkerson's radar screen. She remembers the 1950s and '60s as "the pits" for gay people. "You couldn't tell anybody. If you did, you were really ostracized."
One dared not utter the word \o7 lesbian\f7 . "It was always a taboo word," said Wilkerson, 78, who lives in Huntington Beach. "In fact, it took me quite a while to say it."
She was an architect working in Orange County in what she calls "a man's world" and was closeted her entire career. If she saw any glimmers of the gay revolution, she did not run to the barricades.
"I felt powerless. I'm not one to stir up the pot," she said.
For others, the scent of change was intoxicating.
When Myra Riddell heard about the Greenwich Village insurgency from New York friends, she knew it would have an effect. "I thought it was just great, that it was going to be the start of something," she said.
From the time she left her marriage in the mid-1950s and ran off to Europe with another woman, she had been open about her homosexuality. "I told everybody. . . . I thought it was just wonderful and the result was a big flap," said Riddell, 67, who lives in the Hollywood Hills and is president of the Los Angeles County Commission for Women.
Flap or no, she remained open. "I don't know, I guess I've always been a rebel," she said. Within a couple of years of the Stonewall riots, she was working in the gay movement. In 1975, she helped found Southern California Women for Understanding--carefully named to avoid any gay overtones, but a lesbian group nonetheless.
Before Stonewall, Kepner noted, many gays sought validation from the authorities. "After Stonewall we gave the authorities the finger for a while."
In late 1969, a small group picketed the Los Angeles Times, protesting the newspaper's refusal to print advertisements for the Homosexual Information Center of West Hollywood. (A Times official said the ads failed to meet the paper's "standards of acceptability.")
A month later, a Los Angeles branch of the new Gay Liberation Front was born. In June, 1970, activists went to court to help clear the way for a "gay power" parade down Hollywood Boulevard to commemorate the first Stonewall anniversary.
More than 500 demonstrators marched to catcalls and cheers.
Gay pride had arrived.
