As she has every weekday morning for the last 20 years, Miriam Baum walked out the front door of her Beverly Hills home, picked up a packet known as the Breakdowns and read the audition listings with an eagle's eye.
The Breakdowns began in 1971, when an industrious UCLA student named Gary Marsh realized that he could make money by doing legwork for talent agents. He riffled through the pages of scripts at studio lots, jotted down character summaries and then delivered his notes to a handful of folks in Los Angeles.
Today, he has a small staff of writers who work with casting directors to produce listings that are delivered, downloaded or faxed to about 1,000 subscribers--agents and managers like Baum--in L.A., New York and Vancouver.
Baum represents minority television actors exclusively, primarily Latinos. It's a curious career choice, considering that most professionally trained Latino actors are still cast in bit parts. Breakdowns are the entry point for most actors, but for Baum's actors, they are also one of the first barriers to multiethnic casts on television because they clearly articulate Hollywood's dependence on racial stereotypes. Those listings also provide a chilling look at how Hollywood--intentionally or not--perpetuates such stereotypes.
"King Leopold's Mistress: 18 years old. Caucasian, female. Very young, very hot. Seductive and silly at the same time. Every man's fantasy. Mistress to King Leopold during the 1950s in the Congo."
Casting directors and agents agree that each character in the Breakdowns is assumed to be white, but sometimes--as in the case of Leopold's babe--casting directors get emphatic by adding "Caucasian."
Far fewer listings are open to actors of "all ethnicities." Black, Asian and Latino characters have their own listings:
"Agent Shaw: A Latin male in his late 30s to early 40s, he's dressed head to toe in black. A counterintelligence specialist for the Corps. Shaw is one tough customer who really digs the macho trappings of his profession. . . ."
But, in most cases, Baum--who has represented and managed ethnic actors for 20 years--said Latinos must over-prepare for auditions so they can make the casting director "forget" a character was written with a white actor in mind. Baum and her colleagues say the best and most established casting directors are open-minded to changes in a character's race.
But, they said, many casting directors feel committed to the race agreed upon by the writers and studio executives, almost all of whom are white.
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As noted in a recent Screen Actors Guild study, Latinos inside and outside of the industry want television to accurately reflect their presence in the United States. Making up 42% of the population in Los Angeles County and 11% of the entire nation, Latinos seldom appear in TV land, even in ancillary roles. The SAG study found that Latinos were the most underrepresented minority in film and television, garnering only 3.5% of the available roles.
That might be a reflection, as well, of their numbers in SAG: As of June, only 4.4% of its 113,000 members are Latino. (8.5% are black and 2.4% are of Asian descent, and SAG notes that roughly 15% did not indicate ethnicity.)
Those numbers are crystallized in the Breakdowns' meager mentions of ethnic characters. Of the more than 160 listings in the Nov. 9 edition, 12 called for black performers, five called for Latinos and four asked for Asian actors.
"I send my actors to everything. Everything," Baum said, shaking her head. "In the early '80s the only roles for Latinos were attendants and screaming mothers. I would say to the casting director, 'She doesn't have to be a doctor, but don't make her an attendant. How about a nurse?' "
But network executives argue that audiences have an ever-expanding array of choices, from UPN to the WB network to cable and DirectTV. In an effort to decrease their risk, networks tend to be cautious, which often means going with what's comfortable, managers and talent agents say.
That proved painfully true for minorities in the last year as the four major broadcast networks unveiled 26 new shows, none of which had an actor of color in the lead. After an outcry among advocacy groups and extensive reporting in the media, studio executives whipped up some last-minute roles for artists of color, but neither the major networks nor casting directors have made moves to modify their casting processes.
"We're not the problem," said Mary V. Buck, president of the Casting Society of America. "People just got locked into using Anglo actors. The studios are not developing shows for minority communities."
A poorly organized boycott by minority activists brought some attention to the problem, but it also highlighted the indifference Hollywood has to dealing with ethnic programming.
