Retired Captain Liable in Killing of Salvadoran Archbishop in '80

"The sole remedy the law can provide is money," Judge Oliver Wanger said before ordering Alvaro Rafael Saravia to pay $10 million in compensatory and punitive damages for the killings.

Saravia, whose last known residence was in Modesto, disappeared after learning the suit had been filed by the San Francisco-based Center for Justice and Accountability on behalf of a relative of Romero's. He was not present in court and had no representation during the hearings.

To the dozens of Salvadorans who were present -- and to many who lost family and friends in the escalating violence that tore the country apart after the archbishop's death -- the judge's words provided solace they'd sought for decades.

Many wept openly when the judge told the courtroom that the defendant's conduct was "the cause in law for the death of the archbishop."

The conclusion of the unusual civil case, filed under a little-known 18th century law and a supporting 1991 statute, reflected the six days of emotional testimony in which witnesses relived the day of Romero's assassination, his opposition to state-sponsored violence, and the chaos and pain of the civil war that followed.

Romero was shot in the heart by a sniper as he performed Mass, in front of dozens of witnesses. At his funeral in San Salvador's main square, which was attended by about 100,000 people, at least 40 mourners died and 200 were injured after shots were fired into the crowd.

It was the beginning of a 12-year civil war that would claim 75,000 lives, displace 600,000 Salvadorans, and send more than 1 million into exile.

Investigations by independent human rights organizations and the United Nations have shown that Saravia, as the chief of security to Maj. Roberto D'Aubuisson -- a key figure in steering El Salvador's government toward the extreme right in the late 1970s and early 1980s -- conspired to kill the archbishop.

The party founded by D'Aubuisson, now known as Arena, has been in power since 1989. The current president, Tony Saca, said he served as an altar boy for Romero.

In 1993, the Salvadoran government adopted a broad amnesty that exempted participants in political crimes from criminal or civil prosecution.