Vine Deloria Jr., 72; Native American Activist Wrote 'Custer Died for Your Sins'

"I think what we saw in" Deloria's "generation of Native Americans was this transition of federal policy from termination" -- moving or integrating Indians into cities and eliminating reservations -- "to self-determination, and Vine, I think, was the real leader in making that happen," John Echohawk, executive director of the Native American Rights Fund in Boulder, told Associated Press on Monday. "Through Vine's leadership, tribes started to stand on their treaties and their right to self-determination."

Among Deloria's other books were "We Talk, You Listen" in 1970, "God Is Red" in 1973 and "Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties" in 1974, about events leading to the confrontation between Native American activists and federal authorities at Wounded Knee the previous year. As an expert on Indian treaties, Deloria was a key witness for the defense in the Wounded Knee trial in St. Paul, Minn.

Born a Yankton Sioux in Martin, S.D., near the Pine Ridge Reservation, Deloria was the son of an Episcopalian Indian minister and earned a master's degree in theology from the Lutheran School of Theology in Chicago. Themes of spirituality and theology infused much of his writing. At the time of his death, Deloria had been working on a book about Indian medicine men, the spiritual ministers of Native Americans.

Deloria served in the Marine Corps in the mid-1950s and then earned a bachelor's degree at Iowa State University, his theology degree and then a law degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder. He taught at the University of Arizona from 1978 until 1990, when he joined the Colorado faculty, teaching in its departments of history, political science, law, ethnic studies and religious studies.

Earlier this year, Deloria received the American Indian Visionary Award presented by Indian Country Today magazine in Washington, D.C., for displaying "the highest qualities and attributes of leadership in defending the foundations of American Indian freedom." In 2002 he received the University of Colorado Center of the American West's Wallace Stegner Award for his sustained contribution to the cultural identity of the West.

Deloria is survived by his wife of 47 years, Barbara; two sons, Philip and Daniel; a daughter, Jeanne Deloria; a brother, Philip; a sister, Barbara Sanchez; and seven grandchildren.

Memorial contributions may be made to the Vine Deloria Scholarship Fund, c/o The American Indian Scholarship Fund, Attn: Rick Williams, 8333 Greenwood Blvd., Denver, CO 80221.