Mauna Kea, Hawaii — "PALILA!" Rob Pacheco cried out in a voice most people reserve for "Hallelujah!" He slammed his giant, teal-colored truck to a halt on a gutted dirt road, 9,000 feet up the slopes of Mauna Kea on Hawaii's Big Island.
We sprinted through a field of brown grass, Madagascar daisies and small trees. We were looking for the poster child of Hawaiian conservation, a yellow-headed, white-breasted finch that was among the first species covered by the original Endangered Species Act of 1973.
The palila is descended from two North American finches that flew to this archipelago in the middle of the Pacific about 25 million years ago.
"Hawaii's isolation," Pacheco explained, "means that only really, really good fliers made it here."
Over time those first finches evolved into 100 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers.
"Everyone knows about Darwin's finches from the Galapagos Islands," he said, his binoculars scanning the treetops. (Observations on the shapes of their beaks helped Darwin formulate his theory of evolution.) "But if you want to study evolutionary processes through a bird species, the Hawaiian honeycreeper is the bird to study. Darwin's 13 finches pale in comparison," Pacheco said.
I listened intently to him, even though I wasn't spotting a single rare feather. It was to learn this kind of obscure fact that I had signed on for a day tour with Pacheco, founder of the eco-tour company Hawaii Forest & Trail, while I was in Waimea for a June horseback riding vacation.
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Trouble in paradise
WHEN the Hawaiians arrived in the islands sometime after AD 400, they named this evolutionary wonder palila. By then, the bird had settled on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea, where it nested in the mamane tree and feasted on its orange-yellow seeds.
In the early 1800s, Hawaiian chiefs razed forests to sell off once-abundant sandalwood. Europeans and Americans added cats, rats, cattle and mongooses to the dogs and pigs brought by Polynesians, and all wreaked havoc on island ecosystems and native birds. Ranching turned mountain slopes into grazing fields, and pigs, goats and sheep ravaged mamane saplings. The palila lost most of its supply of the tree's seedpods. Feral cats and rats pillaged their nests.
After the palila was listed as endangered in 1967 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacheco said, a group of local residents sued the state of Hawaii on its behalf. In 1978, a federal court told the state to remove all feral goats and sheep from the bird's habitats.
