Iowa can't be bought, history shows

White House hopefuls have poured tens of millions of dollars into the contest here, setting new spending records in hopes of launching their candidacies with a breakthrough victory tonight. But history shows that the candidate who spends the most in Iowa doesn't always walk away the winner.

The exact amount that candidates have spent this year in Iowa -- and years past -- is not known. The Federal Election Commission doesn't require state breakdowns, and most campaigns treat such details as secret. Still, some conclusions can be drawn by reviewing advertising budgets and overall campaign spending leading up to the Iowa caucuses, the nation's first presidential nominating contests.

Four years ago, former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean, a Democrat, spent $40 million overall before Iowa's caucuses. Yet he placed third behind his party's eventual presidential and vice presidential nominees, Sen. John F. Kerry of Massachusetts, who by that time had spent $28 million, and then-Sen. John Edwards of North Carolina, who spent $12.5 million.

In 1988, the Rev. Pat Robertson spent the most in the early going among several Republicans running, but finished second in Iowa behind then-Sen. Bob Dole of Kansas. (Neither captured the party's nomination. That went to George H.W. Bush, who was vice president.)

Among the Democrats that year, then-Rep. Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri won in Iowa despite being outspent by the third-place finisher and eventual nominee, Michael S. Dukakis, who was governor of Massachusetts.

This time, two candidates -- former Gov. Mike Huckabee, an Arkansas Republican, and Edwards, making his second try for the Democratic nomination -- are in the thick of the fight despite being overwhelmingly outspent.

"He ought to beat me 4 to 1, at least," Huckabee said this week of his main Iowa rival, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney. "If he doesn't, I think he has a lot of explaining."

Romney, a successful businessman before entering politics, spent $52 million on his White House bid through the first nine months of 2007, much of that in Iowa. During the same period, Huckabee spent $1.7 million, according to campaign finance reports.

On the Democratic side, a top aide to Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois pegged his candidate's spending in Iowa and that of Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton of New York at $20 million each. Clinton aides declined to comment.