Shorto observes in passing, for example, that "the chalk-and-vinegar aroma" of face powder was the prevalent odor of the courts and salons of the 18th century. He reveals that an object reputed to be the skull of Descartes ended up in the hands of an "infamous" casino owner who wanted to use it to drum up business.
He describes how dried peas and water were (and still are) used by scientists to separate the delicate bones that make up a human skull. And he shows how the newfangled practice of mesmerism was found wanting in the 18th century by a committee of the French Academy of Sciences that included both Benjamin Franklin and Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, the man "whose name was soon to become attached to the signature device of the Revolution."
For The Record
Los Angeles Times Wednesday, November 05, 2008 Home Edition Main News Part A Page 2 National Desk 1 inches; 50 words Type of Material: Correction
'Descartes' Bones': The review in Monday's Calendar section of "Descartes' Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict Between Faith and Reason" by Russell Shorto identified a previous book by Shorto as "The Island at the Center of the Island." The title is "The Island at the Center of the World."
Shorto eventually proposes his own solution to the mystery of Descartes' missing skull, but his real motive is to restore Descartes to his rightful place as "the man who laid the intellectual foundation for the whole modern world" by insisting on making distinctions between mind and body.
"The hard fact of modernity," argues Shorto, "is that from the time that Descartes separated the two, nobody has yet come up with a definitive, satisfying way to solder mind and brain together again." In that sense, "Descartes' Bones" is a biography of both a man and an idea, a fanciful and beguiling way of ushering the lay reader into the history of religion, science and philosophy.
"The story on which I became fixated -- small, weird, serpentine, insignificant -- intersects some of the grandest events imaginable: the birth of science, the rise of democracy, the philosophical mind-body problem, the ongoing confusion over the terrains of science and religion," explains Shorto. "Eventually it occurred to me that the trail of Descartes' bones was a path through the landscape of the modern centuries."
Shorto also reminds us that Descartes "was not the cool rationalist that history has portrayed him as." He remained a believer in God and identified the pineal gland in the human brain as "the principal seat of the soul," although his nod to religion did not spare his books from being banned by the Inquisition. Still, even as Shorto hails Descartes as one of "the architects of the modern mind," he concedes that he always "had one foot in the Middle Ages."
Within a century after his death, Descartes was eclipsed by Isaac Newton, whom Voltaire praised as "the destroyer of the Cartesian system." But Shorto takes it upon himself to prove that Descartes was the godfather of modernity.
The philosopher's revolutionary ideas, he writes, "not only lived on but expanded into virtually every corner of human life, evolving and adapting and spawning new generations, each with its own characteristic traits but all of them linking back to their ancestor, even as the original Cartesians flickered into extinction."
In that audacious evocation, Shorto has succeeded brilliantly, and he conjures up a flesh-and-blood figure out of those dry and dubious bones.
