On the cusp of life, and of law

Couples with leftover frozen embryos have three choices: discard them, donate to research or donate to another couple for pregnancy. The default option is to leave the embryos in a vat of minus-310-degree liquid nitrogen, paying for the storage and deferring the decision; in some cases, their children or other relatives may someday have to decide what to do with a most peculiar inheritance.

Embryo-protection legislation could ultimately winnow those options and, say doctors and consumer advocates for the infertile, possibly limit future infertility treatments.

"This is taking a pretty private decision and placing it squarely in the public's eye," says Nanette Elster, director of the Health Law Institute at DePaul University in Chicago.

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Freezing excess embryos is a common strategy for in vitro fertilization. To make embryos, a doctor injects a woman with potent hormones to produce eggs. These are then harvested in a surgical procedure. The eggs are mixed with sperm in the laboratory, and some of the developing embryos are transferred into the uterus. A single cycle with fresh embryos costs more than $15,000, often not covered by insurance.

Subsequent attempts at pregnancy are less costly if frozen embryos are on hand, and the supply of extras spares a woman another round of harsh drugs to produce eggs. About half the people who undergo in vitro fertilization end up with one or more frozen embryos.

But no one can predict how many embryos will be produced and used. And as the success of the treatment has improved over the last two decades, doctors are now transferring fewer embryos to avoid multiple births.

Meanwhile, the glut of stored embryos grows and more families find themselves in a position some liken to playing God.

"They are wrestling with how to think of embryos. A person? Nothing? Something in between?" says Dawn Davenport, an adoption researcher who has an online radio show and a website called Creating a Family.

Infertility clinics report that they lose contact with about 15% to 25% of families with frozen embryos. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine's guidelines, a clinic can consider embryos abandoned and dispose of them if five years have passed without contact with the couple and if significant efforts have been made to reach the couple. But few doctors dispose of the embryos, says Dr. Richard J. Paulson, chief of reproductive endocrinology and infertility at USC's Keck School of Medicine.