MARDAN, PAKISTAN, AND PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN — They stream down from the mountains, limping along in small groups, riding in battered cars, hanging off jampacked trucks and buses.
Along with its long list of problems, the Pakistani government must now cope with hundreds of thousands of stressed and bedraggled civilians fleeing clashes between soldiers and militants.
As the number of people leaving their cattle sheds and mountain houses increases, so do the questions: Why was Islamabad apparently caught off guard by the large numbers of displaced? Why hasn't there been better coordination between the army and provincial agencies? How will these legions of dispossessed affect Pakistan's fight with the Taliban and its political stability?
"This is a massive, massive displacement," said Sebastien Brack, an official with the International Committee for the Red Cross who is based in Islamabad. "This is a serious humanitarian crisis developing."
President Obama brought together the presidents of Pakistan and neighboring Afghanistan on Wednesday in an effort to overcome friction with the new administration in Washington over how to combat the growing power of Taliban fighters and their Al Qaeda allies.
James L. Jones Jr., Obama's national security advisor, said Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari made a forceful pledge to combat extremism. But White House officials said they received no promises that Pakistan would deploy more troops against the militants.
Each new offensive by Zardari's army in recent weeks through the Buner and Dir districts, which abut the Swat Valley, has led to a fresh exodus of civilians.
The launch Wednesday of another military operation has officials predicting another wave of refugees. Reports said 47 militants, 15 security personnel and 36 civilians were killed Wednesday in Swat and the wider Malakand region.
Militants reportedly laid mines in Mingora, Swat's main town, and looted several banks before setting them ablaze as helicopter gunships and artillery pounded their positions.
Civilians poured out of the valley and thousands of others holed up because of nearly round-the-clock curfews imposed by authorities.
In February, local officials granted Taliban militants the right to impose Sharia, or Islamic law, in the Malakand region in return for agreeing to put down their weapons. But the armed militants soon spread into neighboring districts, prompting the army to act.
Aware of the growing humanitarian crisis on its hands, the government said Wednesday that it would allocate $60 million for the displaced. Top army brass, the prime minister and various national and provincial agencies held high-level meetings on the issue.
But critics say Pakistan has a history of programs that sound impressive but succumb to bureaucracy or corruption.
"There's a big gap between announcements and what we see at ground level," said Iqbal Khalil, an official with the Al Khidmat Foundation, an Islamic fundamentalist charitable organization.
Even before the latest fighting, the United Nations said 450,000 to 500,000 people had fled their homes over the last 18 months in the Swat Valley, areas around Peshawar, and elsewhere in the mountainous North-West Frontier Province, as the Taliban's grip has expanded.
An estimated 200,000 more fled last month, and a full-fledged military assault in Swat could add several hundred thousand.
Many of the displaced end up going to Mardan, a half-hour drive from Peshawar, instead of heading farther away from the Afghan border to Islamabad. The strength of the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies along the Afghan frontier has led to frequent military clashes and missile strikes by U.S. drone aircraft.
Mardan already has three displacement camps and three more are under construction.
At the Sherkh Shehzad tent village on the outskirts of Mardan, on a several-acre site flattened for a housing complex, organizers hand out blankets and water buckets to arriving families.
"We walked for two days and one night, almost 40 miles," said Durrani Wazir, a 63-year-old farmer, his back stooped from years in the fields and his white prayer cap dirt-stained from the journey. "I just want to get back to my village. God knows when that will be."
Once they're inside the camp, the government has tried to make the evacuees feel safe. Two guards are posted near the entrance. Although they're not armed, they say they have weapons in a nearby tent.
"I'm responsible for protecting these people at night," said Mohammed Naseem, a civil defense volunteer in an oversized black uniform. "I'm not scared. Everyone has to die someday."
The camp housed 1,246 people Wednesday, up from about 1,000 the day before. A nearby camp holds 50,000.
Despite the huge numbers of displaced people, aid officials say Pakistan has some advantages over other countries suffering such crises.
