Reporting from New York — Is Wall Street profiting from California's misery?
That's been a concern of state Treasurer Bill Lockyer, who takes a dim view of financial instruments — known as credit default swaps — that enable speculators to bet against California's ability to pay its debts.
Like other giant Wall Street firms, JPMorgan Chase & Co. helps investors place such bets against California but also earns hefty fees from the state for helping it get the best prices on the bonds it sells to finance capital improvements and other expenses.
So it was no small annoyance, Lockyer said, when JPMorgan Chief Executive Jamie Dimon publicly suggested in February that he was more concerned about California's budget problems than about Greece's.
Dimon called Lockyer the next day to smooth things over, the treasurer said.
The CEO's remarks came after a number of Wall Street firms issued research reports recommending going "short" on California using swaps.
Such downbeat analysis "just makes you worry that taxpayers are going to wind up paying more [in interest costs] because of the negative noise," the state treasurer said in an interview.
The market for gambling on whether California will go broke — or will at least be hard-pressed to make good on all its debt — is big and growing fast.
The total volume of swaps outstanding on California's debt surged to a record $8.6 billion last week, up from $5.1 billion a year ago and equal to more than one-tenth the size of California's outstanding general-obligation debt.
In late June, investors were so eager to go buy protection on California bonds that at one point they paid prices that implied a 62% chance of the state's defaulting on its bonds, despite the fact that it has never defaulted and is practically prohibited by the state constitution from doing so.
Although they've been around for more than a decade, credit default swaps — essentially insurance contracts that pay off when bond payments aren't made on time — have a recent notorious history. They were blamed for the 2008 collapse of American International Group Inc., which sold billions of dollars of swaps on mortgage-backed bonds before the securities plunged in value in the housing meltdown.
They also played a key role in a controversial mortgage-linked product at the heart of a government fraud lawsuit against Goldman Sachs Group Inc., which the company recently settled for $550 million.
The market for swaps on state and municipal bonds has developed in just the last few years, and California — with its huge debt and low credit rating — has quickly become the biggest focus for investors, with New Jersey and New York coming in a distant second and third.
As the market grows, Lockyer and others are raising the possibility that it could influence the market for the state's actual bonds. That's a concern in part because the municipal swaps market is much more volatile. For example, the annual cost of insuring five-year California bonds using swaps surged to 3.5% in late June from 1.8% in April, only to fall back to 2.8% on Wednesday.
The buyers of protection at or near the June peak were "radically overestimating the probability of default," a Deutsche Bank analyst wrote in early July.
Lockyer agreed.
"It tells you that there are still many foolish investors out there," he said. Still, he added, "it worries me that that it might cause others to worry about the security of their investment in California."
The volatility is already making some investors nervous about buying California debt, said Matt Fabian, senior analyst at Municipal Market Advisors.
"They are backing away from credits like California, not because they don't think they are safe, but because they are tired of having to justify those purchases to risk managers," Fabian said. "That kind of stuff hurts pricing."
Lower bond prices mean higher interest costs for the state.
Some experts attribute the volatility to the swaps market's hot-house nature. A Citigroup analyst wrote in 2008 that municipal swaps were being wrongly interpreted as "being based on sophisticated analysis of default risk, rather than what it is: a new, thinly traded market where prices can be pushed to extremes by a handful of players."
Early this year, Lockyer opened an investigation into the market for California credit default swaps, asking for data from the big Wall Street dealers, led by Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. In June, he reported finding no evidence that the swaps market has made the state's borrowing more costly.
In fact, even as California's budget trouble has attracted attention in recent months, the market interest rates on the state's bonds have generally been sliding along with yields on all kinds of bonds.
Lockyer said he would keep collecting data on the market.
